Sandra Wachter

9.6k total citations · 5 hit papers
47 papers, 3.8k citations indexed

About

Sandra Wachter is a scholar working on Safety Research, Artificial Intelligence and Sociology and Political Science. According to data from OpenAlex, Sandra Wachter has authored 47 papers receiving a total of 3.8k indexed citations (citations by other indexed papers that have themselves been cited), including 27 papers in Safety Research, 24 papers in Artificial Intelligence and 17 papers in Sociology and Political Science. Recurrent topics in Sandra Wachter's work include Ethics and Social Impacts of AI (27 papers), Privacy, Security, and Data Protection (15 papers) and Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education (8 papers). Sandra Wachter is often cited by papers focused on Ethics and Social Impacts of AI (27 papers), Privacy, Security, and Data Protection (15 papers) and Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education (8 papers). Sandra Wachter collaborates with scholars based in United Kingdom, United States and Germany. Sandra Wachter's co-authors include Brent Mittelstadt, Luciano Floridi, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Patrick Allo, Chris Russell, Johann Laux, Corinne Cath, Abeba Birhane, David Leslie and Atoosa Kasirzadeh and has published in prestigious journals such as Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, Nature Electronics and Science Robotics.

In The Last Decade

Sandra Wachter

46 papers receiving 3.5k citations

Hit Papers

The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate 2016 2026 2019 2022 2016 2017 2018 2021 2023 400 800 1.2k
What are hit papers?

Hit papers significantly outperform the citation benchmark for their cohort. A paper qualifies if it has ≥500 total citations, achieves ≥1.5× the top-1% citation threshold for papers in the same subfield and year (this is the minimum needed to enter the top 1%, not the average within it), or reaches the top citation threshold in at least one of its specific research topics.

  1. The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate
    2016 1.3k citations Brent Mittelstadt, Patrick Allo et al. Big Data & Society profile →
  2. Why a Right to Explanation of Automated Decision-Making Does Not Exist in the General Data Protection Regulation
    2017 447 citations Sandra Wachter, Brent Mittelstadt et al. International Data Privacy Law profile →
  3. A Right to Reasonable Inferences: Re-Thinking Data Protection Law in the Age of Big Data and AI
    2018 216 citations Sandra Wachter, Brent Mittelstadt profile →
  4. Why fairness cannot be automated: Bridging the gap between EU non-discrimination law and AI
    2021 143 citations Sandra Wachter, Brent Mittelstadt et al. Computer law & security review profile →
  5. Trustworthy artificial intelligence and the European Union AI act: On the conflation of trustworthiness and acceptability of risk
    2023 134 citations Johann Laux, Sandra Wachter et al. Regulation & Governance profile →

Peers — A (Enhanced Table)

Peers by citation overlap · career bar shows stage (early→late) cites · hero ref

Name h Career Trend Papers Cites
Sandra Wachter United Kingdom 23 1.8k 1.4k 837 635 538 47 3.8k
Josh Cowls United Kingdom 25 1.7k 0.9× 1.1k 0.8× 738 0.9× 960 1.5× 592 1.1× 54 4.2k
Brent Mittelstadt United Kingdom 28 2.4k 1.3× 1.6k 1.1× 955 1.1× 951 1.5× 615 1.1× 75 5.5k
Solon Barocas United States 20 1.4k 0.8× 1.2k 0.8× 919 1.1× 274 0.4× 404 0.8× 48 3.1k
Timnit Gebru United States 10 1.5k 0.8× 2.2k 1.5× 685 0.8× 592 0.9× 458 0.9× 17 5.1k
Bernd Carsten Stahl United Kingdom 40 1.2k 0.7× 760 0.5× 1.5k 1.7× 478 0.8× 669 1.2× 193 5.0k
Ugo Pagallo Italy 17 1.1k 0.6× 741 0.5× 352 0.4× 495 0.8× 251 0.5× 74 2.3k
Frank Pasquale United States 18 1.2k 0.7× 671 0.5× 1.3k 1.6× 168 0.3× 528 1.0× 87 3.4k
Andrew D. Selbst United States 9 1.2k 0.7× 905 0.6× 489 0.6× 263 0.4× 271 0.5× 14 2.2k
Marcello Ienca Switzerland 27 1.9k 1.1× 1.2k 0.8× 744 0.9× 1.0k 1.6× 662 1.2× 82 5.2k
Natali Helberger Netherlands 32 825 0.5× 970 0.7× 2.1k 2.6× 171 0.3× 513 1.0× 150 4.2k

Countries citing papers authored by Sandra Wachter

Since Specialization
Citations

This map shows the geographic impact of Sandra Wachter's research. It shows the number of citations coming from papers published by authors working in each country. You can also color the map by specialization and compare the number of citations received by Sandra Wachter with the expected number of citations based on a country's size and research output (numbers larger than one mean the country cites Sandra Wachter more than expected).

Fields of papers citing papers by Sandra Wachter

Since Specialization
Physical SciencesHealth SciencesLife SciencesSocial Sciences

This network shows the impact of papers produced by Sandra Wachter. Nodes represent research fields, and links connect fields that are likely to share authors. Colored nodes show fields that tend to cite the papers produced by Sandra Wachter. The network helps show where Sandra Wachter may publish in the future.

Co-authorship network of co-authors of Sandra Wachter

This figure shows the co-authorship network connecting the top 25 collaborators of Sandra Wachter. A scholar is included among the top collaborators of Sandra Wachter based on the total number of citations received by their joint publications. Widths of edges represent the number of papers authors have co-authored together. Node borders signify the number of papers an author published with Sandra Wachter. Sandra Wachter is excluded from the visualization to improve readability, since they are connected to all nodes in the network.

All Works

20 of 20 papers shown
1.
Laux, Johann, Sandra Wachter, & Brent Mittelstadt. (2024). Three pathways for standardisation and ethical disclosure by default under the European union artificial intelligence act. Computer law & security review. 53. 105957–105957. 27 indexed citations
2.
Wachter, Sandra, et al.. (2024). How AI challenges the medical device regulation: patient safety, benefits, and intended uses. Journal of Law and the Biosciences. 16 indexed citations
3.
Wachter, Sandra, Brent Mittelstadt, & Chris Russell. (2024). Do large language models have a legal duty to tell the truth?. SSRN Electronic Journal. 4 indexed citations
4.
Mittelstadt, Brent, Sandra Wachter, & Chris Russell. (2024). The Unfairness of Fair Machine Learning: Leveling Down and Strict Egalitarianism by Default. eYLS (Yale Law School). 7 indexed citations
5.
Laux, Johann, Sandra Wachter, & Brent Mittelstadt. (2023). Three Pathways for Standardisation and Ethical Disclosure by Default under the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act. SSRN Electronic Journal. 20 indexed citations
6.
Laux, Johann, Sandra Wachter, & Brent Mittelstadt. (2023). Trustworthy artificial intelligence and the European Union AI act: On the conflation of trustworthiness and acceptability of risk. Regulation & Governance. 18(1). 3–32. 134 indexed citations breakdown →
7.
Birhane, Abeba, Atoosa Kasirzadeh, David Leslie, & Sandra Wachter. (2023). Science in the age of large language models. Nature Reviews Physics. 5(5). 277–280. 167 indexed citations
8.
9.
Wachter, Sandra, et al.. (2023). How AI challenges the Medical Device Regulation: Patient safety, benefits, and intended uses. SSRN Electronic Journal. 3 indexed citations
10.
Mittelstadt, Brent, Sandra Wachter, & Chris Russell. (2023). To protect science, we must use LLMs as zero-shot translators. Nature Human Behaviour. 7(11). 1830–1832. 27 indexed citations
11.
Laux, Johann, Fabian Stephany, Chris Russell, Sandra Wachter, & Brent Mittelstadt. (2022). The Concentration-after-Personalisation Index (CAPI): Governing effects of personalisation using the example of targeted online advertising. Big Data & Society. 9(2). 4 indexed citations
12.
Laux, Johann, Sandra Wachter, & Brent Mittelstadt. (2021). Taming the few: Platform regulation, independent audits, and the risks of capture created by the DMA and DSA. Computer law & security review. 43. 105613–105613. 35 indexed citations
13.
Wachter, Sandra, Brent Mittelstadt, & Chris Russell. (2021). Bias Preservation in Machine Learning: The Legality of Fairness Metrics Under EU Non-Discrimination Law. The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University). 123(3). 735. 3 indexed citations
14.
Guedes, Murilo, Daniel G. Muenz, Jarcy Zee, et al.. (2020). Lower Transferrin Saturation (TSAT) Index Is Associated with an Anemia-Independent Risk of Increased Mortality in Non-Dialysis (ND) CKD Patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 31(10S). 137–137. 1 indexed citations
15.
Wachter, Sandra, Brent Mittelstadt, & Luciano Floridi. (2017). Why a Right to Explanation of Automated Decision-Making Does Not Exist in the General Data Protection Regulation. International Data Privacy Law. 7(2). 76–99. 447 indexed citations breakdown →
16.
Wachter, Sandra, Brent Mittelstadt, & Luciano Floridi. (2017). Transparent, Explainable, and Accountable AI for Robotics. SSRN Electronic Journal. 3 indexed citations
17.
Cath, Corinne, Sandra Wachter, Brent Mittelstadt, Mariarosaria Taddeo, & Luciano Floridi. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and the ‘Good Society’: the US, EU, and UK approach. Science and Engineering Ethics. 24(2). 505–528. 381 indexed citations
18.
Mittelstadt, Brent, Patrick Allo, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Sandra Wachter, & Luciano Floridi. (2016). The Ethics of Algorithms: Mapping the Debate. SSRN Electronic Journal. 3 indexed citations
19.
Wachter, Sandra, Brent Mittelstadt, & Luciano Floridi. (2016). Why a Right to Explanation of Automated Decision-Making Does Not Exist in the General Data Protection Regulation. SSRN Electronic Journal. 105 indexed citations
20.
Easterlin, Richard A., Michael L. Wachter, & Sandra Wachter. (1979). The coming upswing in fertility.. 1(2). 1 indexed citations

Rankless uses publication and citation data sourced from OpenAlex, an open and comprehensive bibliographic database. While OpenAlex provides broad and valuable coverage of the global research landscape, it—like all bibliographic datasets—has inherent limitations. These include incomplete records, variations in author disambiguation, differences in journal indexing, and delays in data updates. As a result, some metrics and network relationships displayed in Rankless may not fully capture the entirety of a scholar's output or impact.

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